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| Flood damage is excluded under standard homeowners and renters insurance policies. However, flood coverage is available in the form of a separate policy both from the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and from some private insurers. Congress created the NFIP in 1968 in response to the rising cost of taxpayer-funded disaster relief for flood victims and the increasing amount of damage caused by floods. The NFIP makes federally backed flood insurance available in communities that agree to adopt and enforce floodplain management ordinances to reduce future flood damage. The NFIP is self-supporting for the average historical loss year. This means that unless there is a widespread disaster, operating expenses and flood insurance claims are financed through premiums collected. The NFIP provides coverage for up to $250,000 for the structure of the home and up to $100,000 for personal possessions. Private flood insurance is available for those who need additional insurance protection, known as excess coverage, over and above the basic policy or for people whose communities do not participate in the NFIP. Some insurers have introduced special policies for high-value properties. These policies may cover homes in noncoastal areas and/or provide enhancements to traditional flood coverage. The comprehensive portion of an auto insurance policy includes coverage for flood damage. In 2016 the NFIP began a reinsurance program to put it in a better position to manage losses incurred from major events by transferring exposure to reinsurers. The NFIP recovered the entire $1.042 billion based on Hurricane Harvey flood losses. The NFIP returned to the private reinsurance market for 2018, paying $235 million for $1.458 billion coverage from a single flood event. The coverage limit is 40 percent more than what the NFIP purchased in 2017 ($1.042 billion), and the premium is 56 percent higher than the $150 million NFIP paid in 2017. The structure of 2018’s reinsurance has changed from 2017. In 2017 reinsurers covered 26 percent of $4 billion in losses after NFIP retained $4 billion losses. Reinsurers will pay 18.6 percent of the first $2 billion of losses in excess of $4 billion and will pay 54.3 percent of the $2 billion in excess of $6 billion. In both 2017 and 2018, the NFIP gets no protection for the first $4 billion of any flood event. The $4 billion acts like a deductible on an insurance policy. After that, the worse the flood gets, the more NFIP recovers, and in 2018 the maximum was $1.458 billion. In August 2018, FEMA launched its first catastrophe bond to transfer risk from the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) to the capital markets, as reported by Artemis. It was the first catastrophe bond to solely provide reinsurance coverage for flood risks. FEMA originally sought $275 million of reinsurance protection from the FloodSmart Re Ltd. (Series 2018-1) issuance in July. Later, that amount had grown to $500 due to investor demand. FloodSmart Re, a Bermuda domiciled special purpose insurance vehicle, issued two classes of notes that were sold to insurance linked securities funds to collateralize underlying reinsurance agreements to cover a portion of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) U.S. flood exposure. The transaction will cover NFIP losses from flood events that are directly or indirectly caused by a named storm event impacting the United States and also Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia. Congress must periodically renew the NFIP’s statutory authority to operate. In the unlikely event the NFIP’s authorization lapses, claims would still be paid but the NFIP would stop selling and renewing policies (more details here.) A 2016 poll by the Insurance Information Institute found that 12 percent of American homeowners had a flood insurance policy, lower than the 14 percent who had the coverage in 2015. The percentage of homeowners with flood insurance was highest in the South, at 14 percent. Thirteen percent of homeowners in the Northeast had a flood insurance policy, 10 percent of homeowners in the West had a flood insurance policy, while 8 percent of homeowners in the Midwest had flood insurance. |
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Two events that occurred in 2017 gained places in the chart below showing the 10 most significant floods based on National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) payouts as of July 31, 2018. Hurricane Harvey ranks as the second most significant U.S. flood event, as about 76,000 NFIP policyholders filed claims. FEMA has paid $8.8 billion to those policyholders. Flooding from Hurricane Irma ranks at number 9, with about 22,000 policyholders filing claims, and $1 billion in payments. The figures below are preliminary, as claims are still being processed, and do not include payouts from Hurricane Florence in September 2018 or Hurricane Michael in October.
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(1) Includes events from 1978 to July 31, 2018, as of October 5, 2018. Defined by the National Flood Insurance Program as an event that produces at least 1,500 paid losses. Stated in dollars when occurred.
Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency; U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center.
At the end of 2017, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) said that the 2017 extremely active hurricane season spawned 17 named storms, of which 10 became hurricanes. Six of those hurricanes were classified as major storms—category 3 and above. Two major hurricanes were the first to hit the continental United States in 12 years—Harvey and Irma. In addition, Maria devastated Puerto Rico. The NFIP paid out over $8 billion in flood insurance claims from those storms and other floods to date.
About 6.9 million coastal homes along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, worth more than $1.6 trillion, are at risk for storm surge damage, according to a CoreLogic report. The report found that reconstruction costs for homes in 2018 increased 6.6 percent from a year ago, mirroring increased regional construction, equipment, and labor costs. The Atlantic Coast has more than 3.9 million homes at risk of storm surge with reconstruction cost values of more than $1 trillion, up by about $30 billion from 2017. Three million Gulf Coast homes with the same risk have more than $609 billion in potential exposure to storm surge damage, representing a $16 billion increase compared to 2017. The reconstruction cost is based on the 100 percent destruction of the residential structure, using a combined cost of construction materials, equipment and labor costs by geographic location. In the following charts, the low-risk category reflects a low probability of a Category 5 hurricane striking the area.
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(1) The risk categories are cumulative and increase in value from extreme to low. Extreme risk signals the higher risk of damage from a weak hurricane, while low risk includes up to Category 5 hurricanes that are the least likely to occur but will cause more storm surge damage inland.
(2) The low-risk category refers to Category 5 hurricanes, which are not common along the northeastern Atlantic Coast.
(3) Storm surge risk in the low category for homes on the northeastern Atlantic Coast is not shown due to the extremely low probability of a Category 5 storm affecting these areas.
(4) Represents the cost to completely rebuild including labor and materials by geographic location.
Source: CoreLogic, Inc., a data and analytics company.
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(1) Includes homes at risk from extreme to low storm surge.
(2) Represents the cost to completely rebuild including labor and materials by geographic location.
Source: CoreLogic, Inc., a data and analytics company.
Flood insurance had long been considered an untouchable risk by private insurers because they did not have a reliable way of measuring flood risk. In recent years insurers have become increasingly comfortable with using sophisticated models to underwrite insurance risk, and modeling firms are getting better at predicting flood risk.
In 2017 direct premiums written for private flood insurance totaled $589 million, up 57 percent from $376 million in 2016, according to S&P Global Market Intelligence. The number of private companies writing flood insurance increased to 33 in 2017 from 20 in 2016.
($000)
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(1) Private flood includes both commercial and private residential coverage, primarily first-dollar standalone policies that cover the flood peril and excess flood. Excludes sewer/water backup and the crop flood peril.
(2) Before reinsurance transactions.
(3) Based on U.S. total, includes territories.
(4) Data for Farmers Insurance Group of Companies and Zurich Financial Group (which owns Farmers' management company) are reported separately by S&P Global Market Intelligence.
Source: NAIC data, sourced from S&P Global Market Intelligence, Insurance Information Institute.
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(1) Direct and Write Your Own (WYO) business may not add to total due to rounding.
(2) Total limits of liability for all policies in force.
(3) Includes WYO policies written in unknown areas.
Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency.
(1) As of July 31, 2018.
Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
National Flood Insurance Program Payouts, 2016 (1)
(1) October 1, 2015 through September 30, 2016. |
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(1) As of May, 2017.
Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency.
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(1) As of May, 2017.
(2) Less than 0.5 percent.
Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency.
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(1) As of May, 2017.
(2) Less than 0.5 percent.
Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency.
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(1) As of May, 2017.
(2) Less than 0.5 percent.
Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency.