Facts + Statistics: Highway safety

The cost and crashworthiness of vehicles as well as drivers’ safety habits affect the cost of auto insurance. Out of concern for public safety and to help reduce the cost of crashes, insurers support safe driving initiatives. The insurance industry is a major supporter of anti-drunk driving and seatbelt usage campaigns.

 

Lives saved by safety devices

• Airbags: Airbags are designed to inflate in moderate to severe frontal crashes. According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the federal government has required auto manufacturers to install driver and passenger airbags for frontal protection in all cars since the 1999 model year. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) says that frontal airbags saved the lives of 2,790 occupants age 13 and older in 2017. Airbags, combined with seatbelts, are the most effective safety protection available for passenger vehicles. Seatbelts alone reduce the risk of fatal injury to front-seat passenger car occupants by 45 percent. The fatality-reducing effectiveness for frontal airbags is 14 percent when no seatbelt is used and 11 percent when a seatbelt is used in conjunction with airbags.
• Seatbelts: Among passenger vehicle occupants age five and older, seatbelts saved an estimated 14,955 lives in 2017. In fatal crashes in 2017, about 83 percent of passenger vehicle occupants who were totally ejected from the vehicle were killed. NHTSA says that when used seat belts reduce the risk of fatal injury to front seat passenger car occupants by 45 percent and the risk of moderate-to-critical injury by 50 percent. For light truck occupants, the risk is reduced by 60 percent and 65 percent, respectively.
• Child safety seats: NHTSA says that in 2017 the lives of an estimated 325 children under the age of five were saved by restraints.
• Motorcycle helmets: NHTSA estimates that helmets saved the lives of 1,872 motorcyclists in 2017. If all motorcyclists had worn helmets, an additional 749 lives could have been saved.
• Helmets are estimated to be 37 percent effective in preventing fatal injuries to motorcycle riders and 41 percent for motorcycle passengers. In other words, for every 100 motorcycle riders killed in crashes while not wearing a helmet, 37 of them could have been saved had all 100 worn helmets.

• Electronic stability control: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) requires all vehicles manufactured after model year 2012 to have electronic stability control (ESC). All new passenger cars, light trucks, SUVs and vans must comply with the requirement. ESC was designed to help prevent rollovers and other types of crashes by controlling brakes and engine power.
• NHTSA says ESC saved about 1,949 passenger car occupant lives in 2015 including 857 passenger car occupants, and 1,091 lives among light truck and van occupants. The 2015 total for lives compares with 1,575 lives saved in 2014 and 1,380 lives saved in 2013. Over the five years from 2011 to 2015, NHTSA says the ESC has saved a total of more than 7,000 lives.

 

Motor vehicle crashes

2020: NHTSA’s estimate for the first half of 2020, which includes about three months of data during the COVID-19 epidemic, shows that traffic fatalities fell 2.0 percent from first half 2019, while vehicle miles traveled fell at the much faster rate of 16.6 percent, leading to an increase in the fatality rate per 100 million vehicle miles traveled of 1.25, up from 1.06 in the same period in 2018. According to Triple-I’s chief actuary, James Lynch, the increase in traffic fatalities was likely caused by faster driving.

2019: According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 36,096 people died in motor vehicle crashes in 2019, down 2.0 percent from 36,835 in 2018. The drop in 2019 was the third consecutive annual decline, which occurred despite a 0.9 percent increase from 2018 in vehicle miles traveled. Fatalities decreased slightly in 2019 for drivers, passengers, motorcyclists, pedestrians and pedal cyclists. Fatalities involving SUVs rose 3.4 percent from 2018 and rose slightly in crashes involving large trucks. The total fatality rate, measured as deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled, dropped to 1.10 in 2019, from 1.13 in 2018.

2018: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reports that 36,560 people died in motor vehicle crashes in 2018, down 2.4 percent from 37,473 in 2017, declining for the second consecutive year. According to NHTSA, fatalities decreased in 2018 for drivers, passenger car, van and SUV occupants and motorcyclists but rose in crashes involving large trucks, pedestrians and pedalcyclists. The fatality rate, measured as deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled, dropped to 1.13 in 2018, from 1.17 in 2017.

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, vehicle occupants accounted for 66 percent of traffic deaths in 2018. Pedestrians accounted for 17 percent. Motorcycle riders accounted for another 14 percent, pedal cyclists, other nonoccupants and unknown occupants accounted for the remainder.

 

Motor Vehicle Deaths Per 100,000 Persons By Age, 2018

 

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Source: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

View Archived Graphs

 

Driver Behavior

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has developed a list of driver behaviors that are factors in fatal crashes. Speeding is at the top of the list of related factors for drivers involved in fatal crashes. In 2018, 8,596 drivers who were involved in fatal crashes (or almost 17 percent) were speeding. In addition, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) has found that rising state speed limits over the 25 years from 1993 to 2017 have cost nearly 37,000 lives, including more than 1,900 in 2017 alone. By 2020, 42 states had maximum speed limits of 70 mph or higher. On some portion of their roads, 22 states had maximum speed limits of 70 mph, and 11 states had maximum speed limits of 75 mph. Eight states had 80 mph limits, and drivers in Texas can legally drive 85 mph on one road, according to the IIHS.

Ranking second was the influence of alcohol, drugs or medication, affecting 5,175 drivers, or about 10 percent of all drivers involved in fatal crashes. Failure to stay in the proper lane, and failure to yield the right of way were cited as third and fourth, with a total of about 7,500 drivers, or 14 percent of all drivers in fatal crashes exhibiting these behaviors. Distracted drivers were the fifth most likely to be involved in a fatal crash (2,688 drivers or 5 percent of all drivers in fatal crashes).

 

Motor vehicle crashes by time of year

Traffic fatalities spike during different periods.

• In 2018 October had the most fatal crashes and February had the least, according to data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
• In 2018, about 50 percent of fatal crashes occurred on Friday, Saturday or Sunday, according to NHTSA.
• The beginning of daylight savings is linked to an increase in auto accidents, according to an analysis by the University of British Columbia and studies by researchers at John Hopkins and Stanford University.
• Crashes caused by drivers under the influence of drugs or alcohol are more prevalent around Christmas and New Year’s Day compared with Thanksgiving Day. Crashes on the days around Thanksgiving are concentrated around typical rush hours, according to researchers at the University of Alabama.
• All holidays are generally a time of increased travel and traffic deaths. In 2018, Memorial Day was the holiday period with the most motor vehicle deaths (389), followed by Thanksgiving Day (385), Christmas Day (380), Labor Day (375), New Year’s Day (304) and Independence Day (152). See chart below.

 

Distracted driving

Activities that take drivers’ attention off the road, including talking or texting on cellphones, eating, talking with passengers, adjusting vehicle controls and other distractions, are a major safety threat. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) gauges distracted driving by collecting data on distraction-affected crashes, which focus on distractions that are most likely to affect crash involvement such as dialing a cellphone, texting or being distracted by another person or an outside event. In 2018, 2,841 people were killed in crashes involving distractions. There were 2,648 distraction-affected fatal crashes, accounting for 8 percent of all fatal crashes in the nation.

Most states have addressed the issue of using cellphones for talking and texting. According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, as of December 2020, talking on a hand-held cellphone while driving is banned in 24 states and the District of Columbia. Text messaging is banned for all drivers in 48 states and the District of Columbia. Laws for novice drivers are even more restrictive: the use of all cellphones by novice drivers is restricted in 37 states and the District of Columbia, and drivers age 21 and younger are banned from texting in Missouri.

Texting bans were not shown to reduce crash rates, according to a Highway Loss Data Institute 2010 study of collision claims patterns in California, Louisiana, Minnesota and Washington before and after texting bans went into effect. Collisions went up slightly in all the states, except Washington, where the change was statistically insignificant. However, a more recent study using data from hospital emergency departments in 16 states between 2007 and 2014 found that states with texting bans had an average 4 percent reduction in emergency department visits after motor vehicle crashes, or about 1,600 visits per year. The results were issued in March 2019 in the American Journal of Public Health by authors from the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Texas A&M University School of Public Health and used data from 16 states, all but one having laws banning texting while driving.

Teen girls are twice as likely as teen boys to use cell phones and other electronic devices while driving, according to a March, 2012 study by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.

 

Pedestrian accidents

According to a report published in February 2020 by the Governors Highway Association (GHA), pedestrian auto fatalities in 2019 were projected to be at the highest level since 1988, reaching 6,590 deaths. The 2019 total represents a 6 percent increase from its estimate of 6,227 pedestrians killed in 2018. The GHA says this projection represents a continuation of an increasing trend in pedestrian crash deaths going back to 2009.

In 2018, 33 percent of fatal pedestrian crashes involved a pedestrian with blood-alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08 grams per deciliter or higher. A BAC of 0.08 grams per deciliter is the legal limit for alcohol impairment in all states except Utah, which has a threshold of 0.05 grams per deciliter. In 2018, 17 percent of fatal pedestrian crashes involved a driver with a BAC of 0.08 or higher.

 

Additional resources

Background

Background on: Teen drivers

Background on: Older drivers

Background on: Distracted driving

Facts + Statistics

Drowsy driving

Aggressive driving

Distracted driving

Teen drivers